The upper stone sometimes had a cup-shaped area around the hopper hole with a raised edge. to be added but still acted as a centering device. Sometimes a millrind was present as a piece of wood (or other material), which allowed the cereal etc. Quern-stones are frequently identifiable by their grooved working surfaces which enabled the movement of flour. The upper stones were usually concave while the lower ones were convex. ContentsĪn old Gaelic proverb is "The quern performs best when the grindstone has been pitted." Design of quern-stones They were first used in the Neolithic era to grind cereals into flour. A handle slot contained a handle which enabled the rotary quern to be rotated. The central hole of a rotary quern is called the eye, and a dish in the upper surface is known as the hopper. The upper stone was moved in a back-and-forth motion across the saddle quern. The lower stationary stone of early examples is called a saddle quern, while the upper mobile stone is called a muller, rubber or handstone. Quern-stones are stone tools for hand- grinding a wide variety of materials. The upper stone of a Scottish hand quern from Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire An ancient tool used to grind food items in Nepal Nepali women using quern-stones to grind a food item
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